Renault Nissan Partnership

The most important problem facing the Renault Nissan Partnership, Inc. is that both sides—Renault and Nissan—may soon face their own blend of internal problems. These problems, when taken from both parties and when merged or when analyzed from the overall perspective of the partnership, will most likely result to misinterpretations and, consequently, misunderstandings thereby undermining the whole purpose of the partnership. This eventually affects the general performance of the partnership as it divides and sets apart the two companies. The most probable set of recommendations that can be given to the Renault Nissan Partnership is for both sides to essentially take into account all the possible angles that will explain the problems that beset the other party. That is, an understanding and awareness of the other side’s problems should be given proper importance because both companies are involved in a partnership and that the welfare of one significantly contributes to the welfare of the whole. This should be the first consideration that the Renault Nissan Partnership should give full attention essentially because the very essence of the partnership would be undermined. Once this happens, the performance of the partnership will be affected as well which manifests at least in terms of the productivity rate and overall image of the partnership. Another is that the good relations of the involved parties in the partnership will also be affected. It leads to the possibility of a split-up where either one or both of the parties may disengage from the partnership. Another recommendation is that the Renault Nissan Partnership should anticipate possible discrepancies in terms of production so as to preempt the occurrence of one or, at the least, allot enough time for the partnership to address or to be able to resolve the impending crisis as soon as possible. Internal problems can be resolved through the early exposition of predicted problems thereby creating enough time between the occurrence of the predicted problem and the current timeframe. This expanse of time should be used in order to formulate sets of solutions as early as time permits. Last but not the least, when the partnership is faced with drawbacks from either sides, it should be the case that both should not leave-out the other party and, instead, provide substantial assistance in order to uplift the business relationship and lessen the impact of the problem to both Renault and Nissan. This assistance can take many forms depending upon what the existing situation necessitates or on what the nature of the problem is. In essence, the business partnership should all the more be strengthened during times of financial or internal difficulties and that the real test of the Renault Nissan Partnership rests on these unwanted instances. One can balance commitments to shareholders and commitments to the community by setting certain priorities depending on the context of the existing situation. That is, if the situation necessitates that the commitment towards the shareholders outweighs the commitment towards the community, it should be the case that one should choose the shareholders. On the other hand, the opposite case should be maintained thus suggesting the very idea of setting priorities according to the degree of importance as necessitated by the situation. On another note, when one is faced with the commitment towards the community or to the shareholders, it must be the case that one ought to give full attention to the needs of the concerned party in order to equalize everything when the time that the other side or party is also the one that should be committed with. In essence, setting priorities plays a key role in maintaining the balance between the levels of commitment towards the community and the shareholders. References Culpan, R. (2002). Global Alliances in the Automobile Manufacturing Industry. In Global Business Alliances: Theory and Practice (pp. 126-136). Westport, Conn: Praeger. Hoed, R. v. d., & Vergragt, P. J. (2005). Technology changes and industrial responses: changes in fuel options for the fuel cell automobile in the automobile industry. In K. Green, M. Miozzo & P. Dewick (Eds.), Technology, Knowledge and the Firm: Implications for Strategy and Industrial Change (pp. 149). Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc. Â  

Islam’s View on Suicide Essay

Islam views human life as a gift and something sacred that should be protected for the sake of Allah Ta’ala. No Muslim should take his or her life for granted. In the Qur’an, Allah speaks to His followers and educates them on their purpose of life: â€Å"And I (Allah) created not the jinn and mankind except that they should worship Me (Alone)†. (Adh-Dhariyat: 56). This indicates that humans should continue living to worship their Lord. Through other verses, Muslims are protected from death through various forms of worship. â€Å"He has forbidden you only the carrion (flesh of dead animals), and blood, and flesh of swine, and that which is slaughtered as a sacrifice for others than Allah (or has been slaughtered for idols, on which Allah’s Name has not been mentioned whilst slaughtering). But if one is forced by necessity without wilful disobedience nor transgressing due limits, then there is no sin on him. Truly, Allah is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful. â€Å"(Surah Al-Baqarah: 173). These forbidden foods can only cause harm upon a person in the long-run and therefore a Muslim is forbidden to consume them. Consumption of prohibited substances will only entice death. Similarly, alcohol, cigarettes and drugs are explicitly shunned in Islam. During the one month fast of Ramadhan, Muslims appreciate hunger during the day. At the end of the month, they appreciate the life that they are given the opportunity to live with the bounty that Allah bestows upon them. Muslims believe that death is ordained by Allah and no person will die until his or her time is duely prescribed: â€Å"And no person can ever die except by Allah’s leave and at an appointed term† (Imraan: 145). Suicide in Islam Suicide is prohibited in Islam. As killing is prohibited in Islam, killing one’s self amounts to murder. Strict warnings appear in the Qur’an as relayed below: â€Å"Do not take life, which Allah made sacred, other than in the course of justice,† (al-Israa’: 33); and If anyone kills a person – unless it be for murder or spreading mischief in the land – it would be as if he killed the whole of humanity (al-Ma’idah :32) Suicide, generally, is seen as a result of cowardice. Someone who wishes for an easy way to escape from stress and related difficulty in his or her life, sometimes entertain suicide. This type of mentality is frowned upon in Islam as Muslims believe that Allah would never burden a believer more than he or she can bear. It is through a Muslim’s intellect and perseverance, coupled with a lot of faith, that he or she should continue to overcome worldly obstacles by submitting to the Creator. More importantly though, many factors can lead to suicide. Among them are depression, substance abuse, personal losses and problems, personal health and disability. (a) Depression Depression is a medical condition that needs to be treated. A person who has an isolated and detached lifestyle including mental ability, sleeping patterns, the inability to socialise, eating disorders and a dangerous aptitude of stress is most likely to fall under the category of depression. If this person still has the ability to decide for him or herself, treatment should be sought immediately. Alternatively, friends and family who suspect this person is entertaining thoughts of suicide, must seek help from medical practitioners. Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings upon him) reminded his followers that â€Å"Allah had not created any disease (except for cancer) without a cure for it,† (Bukhari). It is therefore vital for a person suffering from depression to seek medical attention. (b) Substance abuse Substance abusers can be often lead to suicide through overdoses. Anything that harms a human’s health is considered as haraam (prohibited). Substances that are intoxicating, such as cigarettes and alcohol have no benefit to mankind. On the contrary, they are harmful to the user and those who surround him or her. Even if this person does not overdose in the short run, steadfast addiction to either can cause cancer in the long run, a disease that does not have a cure. The same ruling applies to the use of drugs. â€Å"Every intoxicant is Khamr, and every Khamr is haram,† (Muslim) (c) Personal losses and problems The loss of a loved one can spark suicidal tendencies. Practicing Muslims however accept death as part of life. The saying â€Å"inna lillahi wa innalillahi rajiun† implies that Muslims accept that from Allah they originate from and to Allah they will return. Muslims accept the passing of a loved one calmly with prayers for his or her happiness in the after life. Personal problems are amass in today’s society. Many people are especially burdened by mounting financial debt. This is usually due to poor planning of resources. Though difficult to overcome, emerging from a financial difficulty is possible. Muslims are prohibited to leave debt when passing, so it is only wise to eliminate debt rather than end one’s life. The first step would be to remove the element of riba (interest) from financial holdings – whether they are assets or liabilities. Pay off all interest first. In assets such as savings accounts, remove all interest income by donating them to charity. When interest is removed, it will be easier to pay-off loans and an opportunity to start saving money will also unfold. Allah condemns usury, and blesses charities. Allah dislikes every disbeliever, guilty. O you who believe, you shall observe Allah and refrain from all kinds of usury, if you are believers. If you do not, then expect a war from Allah and His messenger. But if you repent, you may keep your capitals, without inflicting injustice, or incurring injustice. If the debtor is unable to pay, wait for a better time. If you give up the loan as a charity, it would be better for you, if you only knew. (Baqarah: 276-280) Engaging in a professional financial planning service will induce healthy spending tendencies. (d) Personal health and disability Again, Muslims are not to be disheartened by continuous pain and suffering endured in life. In fact, these experiences expatiate sins. The more suffering a Muslim is subjected to during his life-span, the easier his condition will be during the hereafter. Suicide is not an option. â€Å"Be sure We shall test you with something of fear and hunger, some loss in goods, lives, and the fruits of your toil. But give glad tidings to those who patiently persevere. Those who say, when afflicted with calamity, ‘To Allah we belong, and to Him is our return. ‘ They are those on whom descend blessings from their Lord, and mercy. They are the ones who receive guidance. † (Baqarah:155-157) Patience is prescribed for Muslims undergoing undue stress. There are blessings in overcoming hardship and the first step to doing this is to patiently accept the course of obstacles with determination and strength. There are cases where a patient who is enduring continuous pain, and is most probably bed-ridden, requires his or her life to be terminated. This is called euthanasia, or mercy-killing. In some cases, a family member or close friend â€Å"feels† that the patient will be better off deceased, and requests for his or her life to end. Muslims are disallowed from practicing euthanasia. â€Å"And do not kill yourselves. Surely, Allah is Most Merciful to you†. (An-Nisa: 29). Assisting a person to terminate his or her life is unlawful in Islam as this translates into assisting suicide. There are blessings in suffering and a person’s life is still as valuable as it would be should he or she be perfectly healthy. A person must continue living until his or her time is due. â€Å"And take not life, which Allah has made sacred, except by way of justice and law,† (Al-An`am: 151). In a case where a person is proclaimed as brain-dead and does not feel any pain, a doctor may recommend terminating the use of the life-support machine. This machine is keeping the patient â€Å"alive† when he or she is actually is not. If there is medical justification that there is nothing in the power of the practitioners to be able to cure the patient in question, it is permissible for families of the patient to discontinue the use of the life-support machinery and allow nature to take its course. Suicide in the news: Suicide Bombing Suicide bombing is synonymous with Muslim followers in the mainstream media. Suicide bombers reap more attention than those who illegally invade countries, causing the lives of innocent civilians – some in their own homes. Suicide bombing entails a person killing him or herself through an explosion of a bomb. This explosion also encroaches of lives around the suicide bomber. Countries like Palestine and Iraq have been warped with suicide bombing. Islam, no doubt, is a religion of peace, and never condones any form of violence. Having said that, Islam disallows oppression in any way. It is not permissible for a Muslim to be an oppressor nor is it allowed for him to be oppressed and remain to be oppressed without seeking options of overcoming such violation of basic rights. A Muslim thus, is required to seek mediation and negotiation with the oppressing party, to release him, his family, his community and country from the shackles of violence. Since Muslims are bound only by Allah’s law, it is prohibited for a country to have the nation’s freedom curbed by an illegal invasion, all in the name of justice. Should there no means of disentangling a country’s operation from being ruled by a foreign party, Muslims sometimes do have to resort to violence in order to regain their rightful land. War is allowed in Islam when a Muslim party requires to defend their land, property and family. Defending a country for the sake of Islam, is mandatory upon every Muslim, man or woman. For example, in the case of Iraq, inhumane sanctions are being imposed on innocent civilians of the country. There are no medical facilities to allow recovery from alien bombs and fire. Children are being killed every day. Women are sexually assaulted. Iraqis are being beaten, wrongly imprisoned and killed by the minute. The country is constantly under attack by missiles and bombs that are released from the air. How are Muslims in this care required to fight? Suicide bombing here is reflected as a need to curb attacks upon innocent people. The Islamic Fiqh Academy affiliated to the OIC, in its fourteenth session, held in Duha (Qatar) 5–13 Dhul-Qi`dah1423 A. H., 11–16 January 2003 C. E. states: The Islamic Fiqh Academy stresses that martyr operations are a form of jihad, and carrying out those operations is a legitimate right that has nothing to do with terrorism or suicide. Those operations become obligatory when they become the only way to stop the aggression of the enemy, defeat it, and grievously damage its power. According to a fatwa issued by Sheikh Faysal Mawlawi, deputy head of the European Council of Fatwa and Research (ECFR), not only are these suicide bombers unassociated with suicide, they are neither terrorists. In fact, these suicide bombers are known as martyrs: those who risk their lives in defense of their country, property, family, and foremost, religion. It is not befitting for a suicide bomber in this context to be condemned. Allah Ta’ala narrates: â€Å"And spend of your substance in the cause of Allah, and make not your own hands contribute to (your) destruction; but do good; for Allah loveth those who do good,† (Baqarah: 195). In the case of Palestine, civilians suffer from displacement of their own kind to aggressive occupation. Such occupation has been in operation for years on end. All Israeli civilians who are occupation of Palestine, are seen as oppressors. In this case, Sheikh Faysal Mawlawi stresses that the demise of non-aggressive Israelis through suicide bombing also constitutes martyrdom and not terrorism. He continues to state that though Muslims should target military personnel over the lay-civilian, every Israeli who is living in hostility on Palestinian land should also be removed as they themselves continue to violate Muslims right to Holy land and to the Holy Masjid of Al-Aqsa. According to Sheikh Faysal, Muslims should retaliate the way they are too, being attacked, and in this case, attacked with great injustice. â€Å"If ye punish, then punish with the like of that wherewith ye were afflicted. â€Å"(An-Nahl: 126). Muslims living in the West Just because the Islamic Fiqh Academy defines suicide bombing as an act or martyrdom and does not associate it with terrorism or suicide, Muslims in countries that do not live under the realm of war, are not entitled to exploit the ruling. Muslims are not allowed to cause harm to other people, regardless of their faith, who are not oppressing Muslim brothers or sisters. On the contrary, Sheikh Yusuf Al-Qaradawi, head of the European Council for Fatwa and Research (ECFR), and the president of the International Association of Muslim Scholars (IAMS) advises that all Muslims are to act in full kindness and convey the beautiful message of Islam to the best of their ability. Muslims in the West are not allowed to cause destruction in their country of residence, even though Muslim brothers and sisters fall victim to hands of violence. Muslims living under peaceful conditions should take full advantage to speak up on unfair dealings through interfaith dialogues, charity runs, neighbourhood gatherings and through other social events. Muslims should not resort to violence when there is none surrounding them. â€Å"O you who believe! Stand out firmly as Allah’s witnesses to fair dealing, and let not the hatred of others to you make you swerve to wrong and depart from justice. Be just: that is next to piety and fear Allah. And Allah is well acquainted with all that you do. † (al-Ma’idah: 8) This whole world is made by God. Anything that exists in this world is also made by God. We all are made by God and for God. God has made this earth on which we are living, and the sky. He sends rain to the earth. He has created different kinds of fruits for us to eat like grapes, dates, mango, banana, orange, apple, papaya, pineapple, custard apple and many more. He also created different kinds of vegetables for us to eat like onion, spinach, tomatoes, lemon, carrot, cabbage, cauliflower, ginger, garlic etc. Then He also created different kinds of meat that we eat like chicken, beef, mutton, fish etc. There are also other many different kinds of food we eat, unlimited and uncountable on this earth. Can we live without water? It is created by our Lord. We need water to drink, we need water to grow vegetables, fruits, rice, wheat and other plants. We need water to cook food, we need water to clean ourselves, we need water to clean our houses, wash clothes, wash dishes and then there are much more uses of water. We on this earth can’t live without water. It’s a fact and we known this fact. This water is created by our God so that we can survive on this earth. That is, we cannot survive if there will be no water on this world. This means that we are really and solely dependent on our Lord for His mercy on us, we cannot live or survive without our Lord and His mercy. Can we live without air and oxygen? It is also given to us by our Creator, our Lord. God has sent to us on this world for some purpose in life. He has created all these things and shown His mercy on us for some reason. There is some valid genuine reason for which we sent to this world. We’re not created purpose less. How can we know our purpose in this life then? We can only know this by His books, He has sent to us and learning from His prophets. After sending us to this world God hasn’t left us alone in darkness. From His book we know that when He expelled Adam from paradise, He told Him, â€Å"Go down to earth, and some of you will be enemy of others, and you will live there for small period of time, then you’ll have to come back to me one day. I’ll keep sending you my commandments, whoever will obey me, I’ll take him to paradise, and whoever will deny me and reject my commandments, I’ll reject him and take him to hell. † (Al-Quran, The Cow) From these lines now we know that our purpose of existence is only and only for God. We’re not only created by God but for God. He said in His book, â€Å"I’ve created mankind to worship me and to recognize me. † (Al-Quran) God has created all these things for us on which we’re dependent like food, water, earth only and only to submit to our Lord. We should show our respect to God, be dutiful to Him and become His obedient. Muslims should not be overbearing upon non-Muslims and force them to understand Islam. Lecturing and preaching to followers of other faith must always be done with tact. A more effective method of da’wa would be to lead by action through constructive community projects and general amiable behaviour. Muslims who resort to suicide bombing in countries that do not harbour war, are not considered as martyrs. In fact, they have committed suicide and in turn, have also killed innocent civilians. â€Å"Let therebe no compulsion [or coercion] in the religion [Islam]. The right direction is distinctly clear from error. † (Baqarah: 256) Killing other people just as a form of expression, or rather to merely make a point, is not a trait of a Muslim. â€Å"Allah forbiddeth you not those who warred not against you on account of religion and drove you not out from your homes, that ye should show them kindness and deal justly with them. Lo ! Allah loveth the just dealers. † (Al-Mumtahanah: 8) Different hadith from Prophet Mohammad (salalaho alaihay wasalam) also stresses the same view that suicide is not permitted and extremely prohibited in Islam. References 1. Http://www. inter-islam. org/prohibitions/suicide. html 2. www. therevivial. co. uk 3. www. readingislam. com 4. www. islam. about. com 5. www. submission. org 6. www. islamonline. net.

Campus life Essay

Why do you want to transfer to Carolina, and what do you believe you will contribute to campus life and what can I contribute for campus life? I want to transfer to the University of North Carolina because I believe it is one of the most prestigious universities in the United States. Basically, I believe that the school’s excellent academic programs and comfortable environment would greatly help me in developing my career. Moreover, I believe that I would be receiving high-quality education as the school has highly-competent instructors and professors. In other words, I would be learning from the best, and in effect, I could potentially excel in my chosen career. Furthermore, since the university is located in an area rich in culture, political history, and working opportunities, I believe that I can broaden my perspective regarding various aspects of the country while earning enough to live a decent life. In other words, I believe that I will have a bright future in the university as it will provide me with not only the best education, but also an environment that is easy to adapt to. If I am blessed and fortunate enough to be admitted to the University of North Carolina, I believe that I would be able add more to its success with my various skills. Being an international student, I believe I can contribute to its cultural diversity as my peers would be able to learn more from my culture and I, in turn, would be able to learn from them. In addition, I believe that my passion and my skills in playing the saxophone would also allow me to actively participate in musical activities. In short, I believe that the UNC would not only help in my personal growth, but also allow me to become a well-rounded and highly competent professional in my chosen career after I graduate.

Verbal and Nonverbal Skills Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Verbal and Nonverbal Skills - Research Paper Example the methods utilized for communication, content of the message, and frequency of the message and also the skills utilized to communicate the information. In other words, business relationships are quite different from traditional relationships since the hierarchy of organization alongside other factors place responsibility and accountability on certain individuals. Also, workplace ethics require communication of verbal as well as non-verbal communication in a closed setting where message needs to be communicated in a formal as well as in a non-formal manner. However, to reduce misinterpretations, a culture of effective communication needs to be developed where the employees and subordinated feel as comfortable while expressing their grievances as the management feels while communicating orders. Thus, this paper will aim at explaining how a workplace can be turned into a conductive environment where the efficiency enhances via two-way communication. Firstly, the method of communication has a deep impact on the workplace environment since how you communicate the message is more important than the actual message being communicated. It must be understood by the communication experts in the organization that one method of communication may not suit everyone. Thus, it is important to understand diversity and culture values of the employees and even the management. Furthermore, complicated tools and methods for communicating messages must be avoided. In other words the message must be constructed that it must be clear and simple, and yet sensitive to the cultural diversity in the workplace. Sometimes, pictorial tools may be used to better communicate the message so that it may be understood by everyone. Also, two-way communication must always be encouraged since that helps understand complex ideas and scenarios for better decision making in the future. Also, the employees must be given enough liberty and space to ask

Environmental Microbiology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Environmental Microbiology - Essay Example Presence of a fecal Coli form is the best method of determining fecal material presence in drinking water (Burdon, 1968). This indicates whether there are pathogens presence in that given water due to the harm they cause after consumption (Burdon, 1968). Presence of fecal material in water is also harmful to the environment (Burdon, 1968). It is able to produce accurate results thus leading to a faster action taking on the problem before a massive complication (Burdon, 1968). Some of microorganisms present in foods are not usually harmful (Booth, 2000). Foods prepared by the aid of them include, bread, cheese, yoghurt, fermented foods, and malted drinks such as beer (Booth, 2000). These foods would be probably present in that given party. They are quite healthy and nutritious (Booth, 2000). A Beefsteak wrapped at the grocery may contain several microorganisms that are harmful to the body depending on the handling (Burdon, 1968). A grocery is not a clean place for meat handling. Ground beef microbial levels are determined via the packaging method (Burdon, 1968). If packed well, there is less microbial infection (Burdon, 1968). A pork chop in the grocery store may contain a high level of microbial content due to it is storage (Burdon, 1968). A chicken breast in the grocery will also contain a high level of microbial content (Burdon, 1968). A side of beef aging in a slaughterhouse may containing a little microbial content due to the aging but the storage is quite correct (Burdon,

Grahams definition and discuss in the context of my Experience as a Essay

Grahams definition and discuss in the context of my Experience as a Radiologic Technologist in Grenada General Hospital - Essay Example 566). In parallel, Graham (2006) illustrated the concept of clinical effectiveness--in the presence of â€Å"the right persons, doing the right thing, the right way in the right place, at the right time with the right result.† In view, the paper examines this definition in the context of clinical practice by radiological technologists--with implications and potential innovations in integrated radiologic science. Occupational Description Prior to identifying the right personnel in radiologic technology, reviews on general description and evolution must first be clarified. Radiologic technology is a branch in allied health, where its application in clinical setting primarily involves diagnostic activities for pathological conditions. As technological advances update the categories of diagnostic equipments, it also expanded to include more autonomous responsibilities. The coverage, thereby, extends from mere imaging examination in X-rays to more sophisticated forms, such as utili zation of ionizing radiation for treatment purposes (Allied health services, 1989). As scope of functions widen, tasks involved also lengthened. Basically, radiologic technologists are in-charge in facilitating the performance of radiologic examinations. As allied professionals, they require strict conformation of physician’s written order, while under the supervision of â€Å"licensed independent practitioner(s)† (Campeau & Fleitz, 2009). Additionally, the types of radiologic test to be utilized are also indicated--exhibiting the collaborative association of functions between allied and medical professionals in clinical settings (Bureau of Labor and Statistics, 2010). Imperatively, radiologic technologists assume professional persona, as they follow regulatory protocols indicated before and during radiologic examinations. In preparatory stage, technicians ensure that incriminating objects or articles worn by clients are judiciously removed--to avoid chemical disruptio ns and undue physical damage to clients. Moreover, they attend in completely explaining the procedure to be undertaken, allying possibilities of fear and avoiding emotional interference during actual procedure (Stanfield & Hui, 2002). Subsequently, as protective gears are in place and equipments are positioned, the diagnostics may proceed as planned. With this accomplished, the duties of radiologic technologists do not end there, for they have to properly document the whole activity, and ensure client status for untoward reactions. Judiciously, patient safety is also guaranteed through constant inspection of diagnostic equipments, as well as replacement of defective ones (Bureau of Labor and Statistics, 2010). Radiologic technologists, in accurate manner, are accounted in following the dictates of their delegated functions--as indicated in doing the right thing with clinical effectiveness. Qualification Revisited Educationally distinct from radiologists, radiologic technologists wor k side-by-side with other clinical professionals in rendering a variety of health services to clients. Campeau and Fleitz (2009, p. 7) clarified the qualifications of radiologic technologists, indicating that they belong to the group who â€Å"graduated from a nationally accredited education program in the radiologic sciences and...hold a full

Importance of the UK travel and tourism industry Essay

Importance of the UK travel and tourism industry - Essay Example In "Importance of the UK travel and tourism industry" essay, the author gives full analysis of the tourism sector in the United Kingdom, including outbound, inbound and domestic tourism. After three years of downturn for the tourism industry, it robustly rebounded in 2004 with more than 760 million arrivals globally – an increase of around ten percent over 2003. This was indeed a welcome change after three years of stagnation following the September 11 attacks, the SARS crisis and the Iraq war, almost all destination markets recorded substantial growth. It is estimated that there are 1.4 million jobs in tourism in the UK, some 5% of all people in employment in the UK amounting to more jobs in tourism than in construction or transport put together. Of these, approximately 130,400 of these jobs are in self-employment. The broader perspective of the Travel & Tourism economy (direct and indirect) is expected to create 16,590 new jobs for the UK economy for a total of 2,857,300 job s dependent on Travel & Tourism or 9.3 percent of total employment. Domestic tourism: The total revenue garnered was to the tune of  £13.7 billion in 2003 by the UK residents and they took 70.5 million holidays of one night or more. Of these 22.3 million was business travel comprising of overnight business trips spending  £6.1 billion while the rest was leisure travel amounting to 34.3 million overnight trips to friends and relatives spending  £3.4 billion, overall with an expenditure estimated to be over  £59 billion in 2003. ... The top five overseas markets for the UK in 2004 were: Country Visits (000) Country Spend ( m) USA 3,616 USA 2,400 France 3,254 Germany 825 Germany 2,968 France 769 Irish Republic 2,578 Irish Republic 760 Netherlands 1,620 Spain 618 (Source from website The UK industry is expected to benefit from strong inbound traffic to post GBP34.9 -13824 (US$66.6 billion) in total Visitor Exports in 2005 or 11.5 per cent of total exports. Outbound Tourism: The number of visits abroad made by UK residents has almost tripled since 1984, to a record 64.2 million visits in 2004. Two-thirds of these visits abroad were holidays, just under half of which were package holidays. Spending on visits abroad by UK residents increased to a record 30.3 billion, a fourfold increase between 1984 and 2004 in real terms, and a 10 per cent increase between 2003 and 2004. (Source from website) Domestic tourism: The total revenue garnered was to the tune of 13.7 billion in 2003 by the UK residents and they took 70.5 million holidays of one night or more. Of these 22.3 million was business travel comprising of overnight business trips spending 6.1 billion while the rest was leisure travel amounting to 34.3 million overnight trips to friends and relatives spending 3.4 billion, overall with an expenditure estimated to be over 59 billion in 2003. Expenditure from domestic and inbound tourism 2001 ( billion) 2002 ( billion) Spending by overseas residents Visits to the UK 12.8 11.3 Fares to UK carriers 3.5 3.2 Spending by domestic tourists Trips of 1+ nights 26.1 26.1 Day

Civil management is an important aspect in the success of organization Essay

Civil management is an important aspect in the success of organization - Essay Example It is in this regard that this paper is written. Management of organization is becoming an increasingly daunting task in the contemporary times, this is due to the ever advancing business world and business technology leading to ambiguity, uncertainty and complexities of organization. Effective internal management of an organization demands that people and facilities in the organization are managed well. This introduces the concept of organizational behavior which involves how people within the organization react to changes, decisions and practices of management by managers. It is also important to have human skills in order to incorporate the views of other people and manage them well; this will also ensure that the people work towards a common goal within the organization (Pitsis, Clegg & Kornberger, 2011, p 29). Therefore, critical management is determined to harmonize the workplace, through ensuring that the employees and facilities are managed well and working conditions improve d. In order to ascertain this, managers need to rely on management theory and practice in order to deal with the uncertainties of organizations. These management theories and practices deal with construction of models based on observations, to try and manage business activities (Carr, 2000, pp. 210). In addition, the practices of management also deals real life experiences of the manager within an organization. This paper therefore seeks to critically evaluate the impact of uncertainty on how the organization is managed through culture leadership, structure, control, and empowerment. Additionally, the paper will demonstrate a critical understanding of management practice and theory, ability to identify and evaluate vital assumptions in the ideology of management, and analyze and evaluate organization and management theory and appraise the application of management theory in organizational contemporary contexts. Uncertainties of organization Organizations are faced majorly by uncerta inty challenges; this impact on their production and performance levels. Uncertainty as an element in managing organizations involves risks and unpredictability of the organization’s future events. This may include surprises in employee performance which could either lead to losses or profits within the organization (Renn, Klinke & Asselt, 2011, pp. 3). As a newly recruited manager assigned the duty of dealing with uncertainty, ambiguity, and complexity situations, one is expected to identify and evaluate the key assumptions of management ideology and apply the management and organization theory in handling the concerns in the contemporary context. A junior manager is expected to use the â€Å"box paradox†, in order to come up with new management strategies that will ensure organizational growth and retain the identity and founding values of the organization (Clampitt & Williams 1999, p 6). The junior manager will have to â€Å"think outside the box† and acknowl edge the constraints of the â€Å"organizational box† in order to achieve growth and development of the organization and handle the complexity, ambiguity and uncertainty prevailing in the organizatio

Human behavior in the workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Human behavior in the workplace - Essay Example This report also includes the main issues that are faced within organisations due to difference in personalities and the traits of individuals. Some of the normal issues faced within organisations due to a mix of different personalities are discussed within this section. Firstly due to the different personalities within an organisation the management of the organisation will face a number of issues to motivate the employees. It will require taking different steps for every individual to motivate the employees. This can cause the organisation to spend a lot of time and resources in trying to motivate each individual. Also this could at times cause a feeling of inequality among the employees and could make it even more difficult for the management to motivate employees (Harvard Business Review, 2000). Also the different personalities cause a high possibility of conflicts of interest within the organisation, and different perspectives in relations to issues. These issues can cause a very unpleasant working environment for the employees. This does not only effect the employee’s motivations but also the mental stability and peacefulness. An unhealthy working environment also leads to employees loosing interest in work and can lead to absenteeism. These leads the employees to face stress in regards to work. Friedman and Rosenman, scholars have in their work have displayed the importance of the relationship between personality and health. They presented in their work that negative emotional states of employees including depression and work life stress can prove to be very disadvantageous to their health. Employees, who have a negative emotional state of mind, have been studied to have various disorders like asthma, headaches and ulcers. Also these employees tend to be more prone to lack in confidence, assertiveness in relationships, poor time management skills as well as poor stress management

Plastic surgery growth in teenagers Research Paper

Plastic surgery growth in teenagers - Research Paper Example Moreover, cosmetic surgery has become so popular among teenagers that their parents are now bestowing them to their children as gifts for their birthdays or even graduations. Many surgeons state that they are seeing more teenagers than ever coming to their practices for the various cosmetic surgery procedures available to them. Despite the fact that many parents and their teenage children have been advised against turning to major surgical procedures as a fix for the teenagers’ self-confidence, the number of teenagers who have undergone these procedures has continued to rise. For example, the number of teenage girls under the age of 18 years who undergo breast augmentation procedures has nearly tripled from one year to the next (Austin, 2000). Teenagers undergoing cosmetic surgery have become a common phenomenon and it is no longer a procedure reserved for the rich as it has previously been. In the initial stages before a surgeon can put a teenage patient in the cosmetic surge ry procedure, he must assess whether this patient is suited for the procedure, otherwise, the entire procedure would be unethical because the surgeon will only be interested in the patient’s money and not their well-being. ... e teenager of the benefits of the procedure, but also its limitations and he should make sure that the patient is ready to live with the consequences of the procedure whether it meets their expectations or not. Lastly, teenagers and their parents should be made to understand the risks of undergoing the cosmetic surgery as well as the time it takes to recover from the procedure (Wansbrough, 2012). In addition, there has been a growing trend among teenagers towards undergoing cosmetic surgery to improve their appearance. From a handful of these procedures that were done some two decades ago on teenagers, today, a large number of teenagers in their hundreds of thousands, undergo cosmetic surgery. This number has kept on growing over the last ten years and it is actually becoming quite common. For example, the number of lipoplasty procedures for teenagers under the age of 18 years has continued to increase over the years and this has continued to be so despite the very careful selection by surgeons of the patients in this group. Furthermore, of the women who underwent breast augmentation procedures in the year 2010, about two percent of them were under the age of eighteen and this is quite a significant number (Egan, 2010). The reasons why teenagers go for cosmetic surgery to reduce or increase the size of their breasts, correct the balance between a pair of body parts and in this case mostly breasts and ears, correct the severe underdevelopment of some body parts and finally the need to increase their self-confidence in an environment where they feel insecure (Boodman, 2004). Many teenagers who wish to undergo plastic surgery are motivated by factors, which are very different from those that influence adults to do the same. Most of them want to improve the physical

Ethical matter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethical matter - Essay Example , at times the information given by the client may at some extent pose some actual and potential risks to the client and his immediate family or relatives. Therefore, it is advisable that information discussed during the session should not at any cost lead to a sour relationship between the client and the psychologist. In this particular scenario, the client is a family man with a wife and two little kids. When this family man books an appointment with the psychologist as any other client would do, the psychologist is certain that this is another case of the usual clients, he has been handling. Conversely, when they go down to the discussion, the psychologist realizes that this is a case of an ‘unusual client’. It emerges that the client problem; that of another woman whom he is dating and probably planning to settle down with happens to be the psychologist‘s sister. The issue affects the psychologist, the client, his wife, his kids and the preferred wife who is the psychologist’s sister. The decision that is expected by the client puts the psychologist in a peculiar position. Needless to mention, even though the psychologist would want to justify the situation of the client leaving his wife and kids for the psychologist’s sister, he has the fear of letting his sister settle down with the client because she could also experience the same situation that is been experienced by the client’s current wife and kids. The ethical rule demands that the psychologist scrutinizes and assess the client’s case and gives professional advice that is fair to all the parties concerned without involving his emotions (Banyard 10). The psychologist’s ethical decision is also reliant on what the culture dictates about marriage and divorce. In case, ‘their’ culture allows for separation and/or divorce, he may clarify to the client of what is expected of him. He should also expound to him on what the law dictates on separation with the inclusion of children. In

New Media Technology Essay Example for Free

New Media Technology Essay Tim Berners-Lee, the creator of the worldwide web, initially intended his invention to be a haven of collaboration where people could share their knowledge (Gauntlett 2009:39). Although the prospect of such public journalism corresponded with democratic and egalitarian principles, journalists took this idea with a pinch of salt. This was almost 20 years ago, before the information highway had, for better or for worse, stretched its limbs across the globe. Today, the new media has redefined both journalism and self expression in conflicting ways that leave an individual wondering at the veracity of digital information. In the last decade, internet has gone through an explosive growth and diversification. No one could have foreseen how the internet would pervade our lives and transform the very notion of being part of a society. It has provided the ultimate freedom of the new age: a single blogger can speak to the entire world, a concept virtually impossible two decades ago. However, with this flourishing and unbound growth, the internet brings a unique set of predicaments and dilemmas. The most profound and relevant of such problems is the age-old clash of a person’s right of self-expression with the hazards of misinformation of the whole society. Whether this deceit comes about due to ignorance or design is irrelevant; in a society that promotes freedom of speech, misinformation is bound to occur on both grounds. While conferring infinite freedom to the common person, this means of self-expression comes with the acrid realization that words from a layman, presented as the predominating views of his community, are not necessarily a blessing. The news on the new media of today is more about gossip and entertainment then first-rate journalism. Since when did journalism begin to cater to the ever-growing need of the populace to be entertained? In an interview to BBC World News America, Ted Koppel, former Nightline presenter, criticized the digital journalist of today for being a mere supplier for consumers (Whitlock 2010). The commercial expansion of new media and ever-growing competition in the free market means that journalists have to write what sells; or rather, gets the most â€Å"hits† on a website. How did we come to a situation where the populace demands not to be informed, but to be perpetually entertained? Discussing news on the television, Daya Kishan Thussu (2007: 9) states: â€Å"There is a concern that too much news is creating an information overload, contributing to a structural erosion of the public sphere in the Habermasian sense, where the viewer, bombarded with visuals, is unable to differentiate between public information and corporate propaganda. † If that is true regarding television news, it most definitely holds water concerning internet news. The gargantuan flow of information, most of which lacks in credibility, is bombarded on any user who wades through the mire of pop up advertisements, banners, and mass e-mailing. Although, these devices are some of the tools used in the race to get more traffic on ones website, the capitalist agenda is far from being the most unfavorable feature of journalism. It is the ubiquitous use of new media, especially by the youth that yields the most detrimental effects. The frivolous writing that is spilt across the new media today may be the first literature some of us encounter, and draw heavily from. However, there have been examples of the internet doing its job where other media have failed. Earlier this year, on January 12th, an earthquake hit the Caribbean island of Haiti. All landlines and mobile connections were suspended. The production team of the news program Sunrise at Sky News, London, was finding it difficult to channel in the first reports from the disaster-struck area. It was to be a young member of their team, Emily Purser, who used Twitter and instant messaging via Google and Skype, to secure the first reports of the incident (Elward 2010). Another, much publicized affair was the use of Twitter by the political opposition in Iran to protest the presidential elections. The protestants took to all sorts of media, but the loudest dissent was voiced, surprisingly, through microblogging. This medium proved to be fast, portable, and most importantly very difficult to contain. Ironically, this very accessibility makes the medium too erratic, unreliable, and mundane to be of any journalistic value (Grossman 2009). An obvious embodiment of the debate between free speech and quality journalism is Wikipedia. This resource epitomizes the â€Å"by the people, for the people† ideology, but this trait alone does not give it any credibility whatsoever, at least not in academic circles. A former editor-in-chief of Encyclopedia Britannica compared Wikipedia to a â€Å"public toilet†, accusing it of delivering information that has no authenticity (Shirky 2006). On the other hand, notions that anything that appears in print media will always be more accurate than digital information are absurd. What Wikipedia envisions is the process through which one can witness the knowledge of its users evolving and perfecting itself through countless revisions (Shirky 2006). The trump card in the argument for Wikipedia comes from a comparison of veracity of data between itself and Britannica; the scientific journal Nature declares them to be of similar accuracy (Giles 2005:900). This collaboration is a sign for those who think people are becoming ever more antisocial and misanthropic, for this is a global effort in creating something for the benefit of all and no monetary gain (Gauntlett 2009:42) . Patricia Wallace, in her book, The Psychology of the Internet writes about how free flow of information can be used to cultivate critical and analytical thinking amongst students who access it (1999:245). Nevertheless, the fact remains that the new media is losing credibility day by day. Although, the global sharing of information and its revision by collaboration is a noble idea, public journalism makes it exceedingly difficult to acquire accurate information; and to accept the new media as a genuine journalistic medium. BIBLIOGRAPHY Gauntlet, David. (2009). Case Study: Wikipedia. Eds. Creeber, G Martin, R. Digital Cultures. Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill. Thussu, Daya Kishan. (2007). News as Entertainment: The Rise of Global Infotainment. London: SAGE Publications. Wallace, Patricia. (1999). The Psychology of The Internet. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Shirky, Clay. Interviewed on Imagine, BBC1, UK (aired 5th December 2006) Giles, Jim. (2005). Internet encyclopedias go head to head, Nature, 438:900. www. nature. com/nature/journal/v438/n7070/full/438900a. html (5th May, 2010) Grossman, Lev. (2009). Iran Protests: Twitter, the Medium of the Movement. Time. http://www. time. com/time/world/article/0,8599,1905125,00. html (5th May, 2010) Whitlock, Scott. (2010). Ted Koppel Slams Undisciplined Internet Journalism. NewsBusters. http://newsbusters. org/blogs/scott-whitlock/2010/04/13/ted-koppel-slams-undisciplined-internet-journalism-longs-good-old-da (5th May, 2010) Elward, David. (2010) Work of a trainee newspaper journalist. (5th May, 2010) http://davidelward. com/2010/03/09/the-digital-revolution-need-not-sound-the-death-knell-for-good-journalism/

Determinants Of Health Care Utilization Health And Social Care Essay

Determinants Of Health Care Utilization Health And Social Care Essay All people around the world could not access to health care service as there is a significant unmet need for health care. In order to improve the quality of human life, the health care providers and policy makers should have a better understanding of why people utilize or not utilize the health care services. In the changing of global environment such as population growth, increased health problems, higher demand for medical care and advanced medical technologies, health care expenditure is increasing in every country around the world. As health care expenditure has been escalating, financing for health care is becoming one of the challenges for governments especially in low and middle income countries. In many developing countries, the financial source for health care is dominated by private sector as house-hold out of pocket payment. However health insurance schemes are becoming an increasingly recognized tool in recent decades to finance low and middle income countries. As one of the poorest countries in South-East Asia, Myanmar health care financing mainly relies on private financing source in a form of out-of pocket payment. According to (NHA 2008-2009), 85% of total health expenditure comes from private household. In Myanmar, there are some financial schemes initiated by the government in order to protect the financial lost and impoverishment of the people. Among those health financing schemes, Social Security Scheme (SSS) plays a role to pool the risk of financial burden among insured workers. Myanmar government started the social health insurance in 1956 to provide social assistances and health care services to the insured workers. Regardless of the long period of implementation, the coverage of social health insurance is only 0.97% of total population and 1.96% of working population. There are 93 clinics in 110 townships to provide health care services to insured workers (Social Security Board 2012). The clinic time is from 8:00 am to 4:00pm which is during working hours of insured workers (Social Security Board 2012). The social security clinics locations are mostly not closed with the work places. The director of Social Security Board (SSB) mentioned about health care services in the news interview that, The current health care system is not enough for workers as the social security clinics cannot provide 24-hour service. Social security clinics cannot be found all over the country so workers in areas where there are no social security clinics can face difficulties.(The Myanmar Times, April 16-22, 2012). Apart from the difficulty in accessibility, the insured workers have to bear travelling cost and time cost to access health services from social security clinics. Moreover, there is very limited in equipments, medicines and facilities to provide enough health services to the insured workers. So some insured workers dont visit to social security clinics and get the medical care from nearby clinics and treat with traditional medicines. One of the SSB member expressed her experience from a boards clinic in Yangon as not be pleasant. She mentioned, There was a long queue of patients and I was particularly upset by the poor service from the doctors and nurses and I really dont trust them they dont have specialists, they have only general practitioners. I only went there to claim the cost of my medicines.(The Myanmar Times, April 16-22, 2012). Because of difficulties for workers to visit the clinics, health care teams from clinics have been trying to provide health care services in work places; however the very limited number of vehicle and cost of patrol are the big challenging issue for the health care providers. Despite of monthly contribution from their salary, because of hardly to access health care facility from social security, the insured workers could not get their benefit from social security board. However, Myanmar has been opening a new chapter of reform after 2010 general election and adopting democratic system in the country. As the country opening up, there are many reforms have been doing in order to move along with the ASEAN and global community. Myanmar SSS has been reformed to extend its coverage not only in formal but also to informal sectors. A new Social Security Law has been enacted in 2012 and will be implemented in 2013. Currently, the board has been preparing to introduce the new law for the insured workers. Along with the reform process, understanding the behaviors and factors affecting health care utilization is very important for the policy makers to improve the quality of services in order to attract the private workers to enroll in the scheme. By studying determinant health care utilization among insured private workers, we could observe that who pay for and who get benefit from the scheme. Apart from this we could also determine the most influencing factors which hinder and encourage the insured workers to utilize health care services from social security scheme. RESEARCH QUESTIONS General research questions What are the determinants of health care utilization among insured private workers under Social Security Scheme in Hlaing Thayar Township, Yangon, Myanmar in 2012? Specific research questions What are the barriers to access health care services for insured private workers under Social Security Scheme in Hlaing Thayar Township, Yangon, Myanmar in 2012? Research Objectives To identity the determinants of health care utilization among insured private workers under Social Security Scheme in Hlaing Thayar Township, Yangon, Myanmar in 2012 To identify the barriers for insured private workers to access health services from Social Security Scheme in Hlaing Thaya Township, Yangon, Myanmar in 2012 Scope of the study This study will be focused on insured private workers under the Social Security Scheme in Hlaing Thayar industrial zone, Hlaing Thayar Township, Yangon, Myanmar. The insured workers with the age of over 18 years and currently employed by private owned factories and firms will be included in this study. The cross-sectional data will be collected in February and March 2013. Hypothesis The age, gender, marital status, number of children, ethnicity, religion, educational status, occupation, income, distance from work place to health facilities, perceived travelling cost, hospitality of the health care personnel, satisfaction to the services, number of health facilities other than social security health facilities in the area, perceived health status and presence of underlying illness or disabilities influence the health care utilization among insured private workers under Social Security Scheme in Yangon, Myanmar. Myanmar Health care system Myanmar health care system is pluralistic with the mix of public and private providers. As the countrys administrative system has been changed, the key providers in health care services also have changed. However, ministry of health is still the major provider of the health care services through public health facilities while other ministries also provide some health care services (Ministry of Health, 2012). Ministry of Health is taking responsible to implement holistic health care including preventive, curative and rehabilitative care to the people according to social objectives of the country laid down by National Health Committee. There are 7 departments under Ministry of Health and Department of Health is one of the departments to provide comprehensive health care to all citizens. Apart from Ministry of Health, other ministries such as Ministry of Defense, Railway, Mine, Industry, Energy, Home and Transportation also provide health care to their employees. Ministry of Labor, Employment and Social Security established Social Security Board with 3 general hospitals and 93 clinics across the country to take care of insured workers under Social Security Scheme. Myanmar Pharmaceutical Factory which is under the Ministry of Industry supplies medicine and therapeutic agents for domestic market. One thing special for Myanmar health care system is that there is traditional medicine along allo pathic or modern medicine. Apart from public health facilities, local NGO such as Myanmar Maternal and Child Welfare Association and Myanmar Red Cross Society and international donors are also provide some fragments of health services to fill up the gap in the community (Ministry of Health 2012). Financing of health care services are from three main sources; government as general taxation, private household contribution as out-of pocket payment, social security system and community contribution. External donation in form of assistances is also play a role in Myanmar health care financing. Community Cost Sharing Scheme Community Cost Sharing (CCS) scheme is established in 1992. It is simply a user fees system with the intention to charge curative cost for health care services from the rich and provide exemption to those who could not effort for their health care expenditure. According to SSC scheme, the cost for laboratory, radio imaging, private room, drug and medical equipments are asked to pay for those who can effort. The revenue from CCS scheme is broken down into three portions 1) 50 percent is for government revenue, 2) 15 percent go for purchasing medicine and medical equipments and 3) the last 15 percent use for maintenance. However, there are no clear criteria for the poor to provide exemption and many challenges are coming up in the implementation level.(Aye et al.) Revolving Drug Fund Revolving Drug Fund was introduced in 1990 by Myanmar Essential Drug Program. The program started in 9 townships as pilot project and then extended into 100 townships in 1995. The fund is started by WHO, UNICEF, Sasakawa Foundation and the fund is used as a seed grant.(Aye et al.) Trust Fund Trust Fund is another finance source for health care and the objective is to finance to poor patient who cannot pay the cost of health care at public hospitals. The policy for Trust Fund is ONE BED ONE LAKH; and it is raised 100,000 Kyat per bed to hospital by the donation from community. Trust fund are normally kept as saving count at bank and the annual interest from that is utilized according to trust fund management committee or hospital management committee(Aye et al.). Social Security Scheme Social Security Scheme (SSS) is the solely health insurance scheme in Myanmar. It was introduced in 1956 according to 1954 Social Security Act. The SSS is implemented by SSB under the Ministry of Labor which has recently transformed into Ministry of Labor, Employment and Social Security. The objectives of SSB are; to improve the health of the insured workers, to enhance their working ability and to boost productivity, to provide effective benefit in times of social contingencies such as sickness, maternity and employment injury, unemployment, old-age, and death etc, to support the insured workers and family members for living when the formers are unable to work and to make the social security scheme concern the entire population. In order to achieve these objectives, social security board is carrying its duty and functions by ensuring workers enjoy rights and protection granted under the various labor laws, providing social services for the workers, promoting higher productivity of l abors and participating in international labor affair ( Social Security Board, 2012). The premium for Social Security Scheme is mandatory contribution from employee and employer. The contribution is based on tripartite contribution by 2.5 % of the workers salary from employer, 1.5% from the employee and government supports the capital investments as necessary. The contribution is collected according to 15 wage classes. The coverage groups are state enterprise employees, temporary and permanent employees of public or private firms with five or more employees in certain establishments such as railways, ports, mines and oilfields. The employment with less than five employees, construction workers, agricultural workers and fishermen are excluded from the coverage of social security scheme (Social Security Board, 2012). At first, it is started from the cities and then extended into other towns gradually. One 250 bedded workers hospital in Yangon, one 150 bedded hospital in Mandalay and one 100 bedded TB hospital and 93 clinics have being run under the Social Security Board in order to provide health care services to insured workers.(Social Security Board, 2012). In benefit package, it is divided into cash sickness benefit, maternal benefit, and medical benefit. For cash sickness benefit, 50% of the insured workers average earning will be included from the first day of illness up to 26 weeks for one illness. Benefit of temporary and permanent disability and survival benefits are also included in cash benefit. As funeral grant, 40,000 (Kyat) is paid to the deceaseds surviving spouse and child. The maternal cash benefit includes 66% of insured workers average earning for 12 weeks (6 weeks before and 6 weeks after delivery). For medical benefit, free medical services are directly provided by Social Security Boards clinics. Medical services include the medical care at the clinic, emergency home care, specialist and laboratory services at diagnostic center, necessary hospitalization, maternity care and medicine(Social Security Program Throughout the World : Asia and the Pacific 2010, 2011). Literature review The literature review for this study will be broken down into empirical studies on health care utilization and determinants of health care utilization. Health Care Utilization A study in Canada(Curtis MacMinn, 2008) about health care utilization in twenty-five years of evidence to identify the relationship between the socio-economic status and utilization, controlling and demographic characteristics. The study describes pattern of health care utilization under public health insurance scheme. They investigated about physician, specialist and hospital care utilization between 1978 and 2003. The data from Canada Health Survey (1978), General Social Survey (1991), and Canadian Community Health Survey (2001 and 2003) were extracted to analyze the different in utilization over 25 years period. It shows that health care utilization is growing through time. The populations with lower level socio-economic status (income, education, or employment) have on average less likelihood of visiting physician than those with middle socio-economic status. Individuals with lower levels socio-economic status have lower utilization of specialist care than those with higher econ omic status. For hospitalization, poorer individuals have slightly longer stay than with middle and higher income groups. The results also shows that health care utilization of publicly insured individual have strongly related with the health status of them. A Vietnamese scholar(Nguyen, 2012) analyzed the impact voluntary health insurance on health care utilization in Vietnam by using a descriptive and modeling study with secondary data. He looked at the trend of voluntary health insurance members, categories, revenues and expenditures and health care utilization in the whole country for 5 years period (1993-1997). The study shows that the trend of health care utilization is increasing during 5 year period but the number of hospital visit of voluntary health insurance members is lower than those paying by out-of pocket payment. The results of the study only can predict the utilization rate based on the macro factors and could not include other factors that could affect health care utilization among insured individuals. Health insurance does effect the health care utilization and it is revealed in a study from Burkina Faso by (Gnawali et al., 2009). They investigated the impact of community-based health insurance on health care utilization in rural Burkina Fuso. The results show that the individuals who insured under community-based health insurance scheme utilized out- patient services 40% more than those who are not insured however in-patient utilization rate is not significantly changed. Moreover, the study explains that low income groups are less likely to enroll in the scheme and even though they are once insured, health care services utilization is still lower than middle and higher income groups. Health insurance has a statistically significant effect on utilization of health care. In Sri Lanka, (Priyanjith H. 2008) studied the factors affecting health care utilization with three common diseases; Bronchial Asthma, Ischemic Heart Disease, Viral Fever. He has conducted cross-sectional descriptive survey and the respondents were selected randomly. The results demonstrate that patients age, health care expenditure and household monthly income, number of dependents in the family and religion have significant relationship with utilization of health care facilities. Age, family income level, perception and religion (Buddhist and Sinhala) have positive influence on health service utilization while health care expenditure, distance to access health facilities, number of family members and dependents in the family negatively correlated with health care utilization. Determinants of health care utilization Socio-demographic Factors Age A study in Ethiopia by (Girma, Jira, Girma, 2011) shows that children the age under five-year old used health facilities 3.5 times than those above the age of 65. A study in Nigeria by (Aigbe Osariemen, 2011) concluded that maternal age is the main predisposing factor to utilize antenatal care service. The women with age of 15-19, 40-44 and 45 years old utilized unorthodox source (traditional birth attendants, home assistance and church) 63.6 %, 65% and 55.6% respectively and the middle age pregnant women with the age of 20-39 used unorthodox source between 30 to 40.5%. The middle age pregnant women have significantly lower rate of using unorthodox sources for antenatal care. The individuals older than 24 years old were significantly more likely to utilize health care services than younger age (Hu Podhisita, 2008). A study in New Mexico counties, USA by (Anderson, 1973) shows that age has negative effect on hospital admission rate. Gender In Nepal, when holding other variables constant, boys have 43% more likelihood to seek external health care given illness than girls (Pokhrel et al., 2005). Men were 0.46 times tendency to utilize health care services than women(Girma, Jira, Girma, 2011). In Myanmar culture, women are usually given equal chance and not regarded as socially inferior. There is strong relationship between gender and using health care facilities and women visited health services more than men among Myanmar migrant workers in Ranong, Thailand (Aung, 2008). Marital Status In Ethiopia, married individual were 8.1 times more likely to visit health facilities than those unmarried one. (Girma, Jira, Girma, 2011). Ethnicity A study by (Anderson, 1973) conclude that ethnicity is one of predisposing factors for health care utilization. Hospital bed-population ratios are higher in the counties with larger ethnic minority group. However (Hu Podhisita, 2008) reveals that if the ethnic groups have the same opportunities(predisposing, enabling factors), health care utilization will be likely similar. Educational status In Nigeria, the choice of antenatal care sources between orthodox and unorthodox is associated with the education of mother. They pointed out that the usage of unorthodox sources of antenatal care is 83% among with primary education level. The choice for orthodox source is 53% among the mother with secondary education and which is tripled with those of primary education(Aigbe Osariemen, 2011). In Curacao, Netherland, educational level is strongly related with utilization of dentist and physiotherapist. The results indicates that people with the highest educational level in the study utilized dental service a year almost five times than those with the lowest educational level(Alberts, J, Eimers, Den, 1997). Income Annual household income is associated with the level of utilization of health care services. Low income group was 0.26 times likely to use health care facilities (Girma, Jira, Girma, 2011) Accessibility to Health Care Services Distance to the health facilities A study by (Nemet Bailey, 2000) shows the relationship between distance and utilization that as the distance increase, health care utilization is reduced. Another study in Nigeria by (Aigbe Osariemen, 2011) concludes that distance to health facility from their residence is important factors for women to seek ante natal care. They found out that majority of women (76%) utilized the nearby health center which takes less than 30 minute with vehicular transportation from their residence while only 5.9% of women travelled to access health care services from facilities that need more than 45 minute to arrived. In Ethiopia, distance to the nearest health facilities is one of important factors on utilization of health facilities, the study concluded that the individuals who live in 10 kilometers or less to the nearby institution were 1.5 time more likely to use health facilities. Waiting time at health facilities Almost two-third (62.8%) of pregnant women who visited primary health care or private hospitals for antenatal care is for the reason of promptness of the services (Aigbe Osariemen, 2011). Perceived travelling cost In comparison, among the individuals who perceived travelling cost as cheap ,the health services utilization were 2.5 times likely to be higher than those perceived it as expensive. Need Factors Perceived health status A study in Ethiopia by (Girma et al., 2011) revealed health care utilization was associated with individuals perceived health status. They mentioned that in compared to individuals with good health status, those with poor and very poor health status, utilized 11.7 and 13.1 times more respectively. A study by (Fernandez-Olano et al., 2006) shows that perceived health status affected the health care utilization pattern among elderly people. It can be concluded that 36% of elderly users and 60.2% of non-users graded their health status as good and they reported their health status as fair 46% and 29% respectively. Presence of underlying disease or disability The individuals with disability are 3.3 times likely to use health care services and those who had health problems utilized health care 28 times(Girma et al., 2011). (Liu, Tian, Yao, 2012) studied the effects of health profile on health care services utilization in Taiwan. Health profiles were divided into 4 groups: Relatively Healthy, High Co morbidity, Frail Group and Functional Impairment and they found that, High Co morbidity group had more likely to utilize health care services heavily than Frail Group and Functional Impairment while Relatively Healthy regarded as a reference group. A study in Philippine shows that the need factors have strongly associated with the hospital stay. The patients with intensive cases stayed at hospital longer than ordinary cases(Loquias, Kittisopee, Sakulbamrungsil, 2006) Summary The literature review shows some variables influence the health care utilization of individuals. This study will be included the variables that could possibly affect health care utilization decision of insured workers under Social Security Scheme. RESEARCHMethodology Conceptual Framework The conceptual framework for this study is based on the Andersons Behavior Model for health care utilization. Many studies on health care utilization have been done based on Adersen Behavior Model. The model composes of three main factors; predisposing, enabling and need factors. Predisposing factors are the individuals tendency to utilize health care which include demographic characteristics (age, sex, marital status) and social structure (occupation, education, ethnicity, religion). Enabling factors refers to the ability of an individual to make use health services; they include the family and community resources that can affect health care utilization. Need factors is the individuals need for health care by representing perceived health status and present of chronic disease and disability. Predisposing Factors (Socio-demographic) Age Gender Marital status Ethnicity Religion Education status Occupation Enabling Factors Community Resources Distance to health facilities Waiting Time at the clinic Perceived Travelling cost Hospitality of health care personal Satisfaction to the service No. of other hospitals/ clinics near workplace Family Resources Income No. of children (family size) Health Care Utilization Go to social security health facilities Go to private health facilities Go to public health facilities Buy drug from drug store Need Factors Perceived health status Present underlying disease or disabilities Study Design Cross- sectional descriptive quantitative design will be used for this study in order to explore health care utilization pattern among insured private workers under Social Security Scheme in tow industrial zones ( Hlaing Thaya and South Dagon) in Yangon, Myanamr. Study Area Yangon is the largest city and formal capital of Myanmar with population approximately 6 million in 2008. The population growth rate of Yangon division is 2.2 percent per annum in 2008 which is higher than national growth rate. The population density is 666 per square kilometer in 2008. As Yangon is logical site for export- oriented lighted manufacturing, it attracts the people from rural to immigrate and settle in the city. Yangon is located on a peninsula near the confluence of the Yangon and Bago rivers, about thirty kilometers north of the Gulf of Martaban. The city has been extended recently to the east, west, and north both for residential and industrial zones. In Yangon Division, there are 45 administrative townships and 33 of them are in Yangon city municipal and administered by Yangon City Development Committee (YCDC). The study will conducted in Hlaing Tharyar Townships in Yangon city municipal area. Study Duration The study will be conduct from February to March 2013. Study population The study will be conducted among the insured private workers under the Social Security Scheme in two industrial zones Hlaing Thaya Township Yanagon, Myanmar Sample size The sample size for this study will be calculated based on Yamane (1967: 98-99) formula. n= Nz 2 pq/Nd 2 +z2pq If we assume z =2 (1.96 for the 95% level of reliability), then n = N/ 1+Nd2 n = sample size N= population size d = precision (0.05) z = reliability coefficient p = proportion of the target population utilize health care (assuming that 50%) q =1-p (so q= 50% too) The population of insured workers in Yangon division is approximate 350,000. I calculated my sample size based on the total no. of population and I got 399.49 and 10% is added for non responded participants. So the sample size is 439.49 (340). Sampling techniques The multi-stage sampling method will be employed in this study. Hlaing Thayar industrial zone is purposively selected and the participants will be randomly selected from total study population. Including Criteria The workers from private sectors The workers who are insured under Social Security Scheme (SSS) The workers who are working in Hlaing Tharyar Industrial Zone, Yangon The workers who are over 18 years old Excluding Criteria The workers who are not employed by private factors or firms The workers who are not insured under social security scheme The insured private workers who are not willing to participate in the interview Study variables Dependent Variable The dependent variable will be multinomial variables. Health care utilization will be categorized into 4 categories; 1) go to social security health facilities 2) go to private health facilities 3) go to public health facilities 4) buy drug from drug store. Independent Variables The independent variables are: age, gender, marital status, ethnicity, religion, educational status, occupation, family size, distance from work place to health center, waiting time, perceived travelling cost, hospitality of health care personnel, perceived health status, presence of underlying disease or disability Summarized table of independent variables # Variables Abbreviation Expected Sign 11 Age ( continuous variables) age +/- 22 Gender (dummy variable male=1, female=0) gen +/- 33 Marital status (category dummy variable ms + 44 No. of children (continuous variables) child 55 Ethnicity ( dummy variable Burma=1, other ethnicity=0) eth +/- 66 Religion(dummy variable Buddhist=1, Other religion=0) rg +/- 77 Educational status( category dummy variable primary=0, secondary=1, higher =1) edu + 88 Occupation (category dummy variable. occ +/- 99 Income( continue variable) inc + 110 Distance from work place to health facilities (continue variable) dis 111 Waiting time at health facilities(continue variable) wt 112 Perceived travelling cost (dummy variable expensive=1, cheap=0) ptc 113 Hospitality of health care personnel (dummy variable yes=1, No=0) hhp + 114 Satisfaction to the services (dummy variable yes=1, No=0) sts + 115 No. of health facilities other than social securitys health facilities ( continue variable) nhnw + 116 Perceived health status (category dummy variable excellent=1, good=1, fair=0, poor=1, very poor=0) phs + 117 Presence of underlying disease (dummy variable yes=1, No=0) pud + Multinomial Logistic Regression Model Log(Pr(Y=yi)/Pr(y=0))=ÃŽÂ ²0+ÃŽÂ ²1age+ÃŽÂ ²2gen+ÃŽÂ ²3ms+ÃŽÂ ²4eth+ÃŽÂ ²5rg+ÃŽÂ ²6edu+ÃŽÂ ²7occ+ÃŽÂ ²8 ln(inc)+ ÃŽÂ ²9dis+ ÃŽÂ ²10wt+ ÃŽÂ ²11ptc+ ÃŽÂ ²12hhp+ ÃŽÂ ²13sts+ÃŽÂ ²14nhnw+ÃŽÂ ²15phs+ÃŽÂ ²16pud +ÃŽÂ µi Pilot Testing The pilot test will be conducted in one of the townships in Yangon with the similar characteristic of insured workers before actual survey. The questionnaire will be revised and adjusted based on the results from pilot testing. Data collection tools The primary data will be collected suing the structured questionnaires. About 5 interviewers will be hir

The Difference In Physical And Chemical Properties

The Difference In Physical And Chemical Properties Everything type matter is branded in the physical world with properties that define what it is and how it behaves when in the presence of other substances. These properties give the substance, whatever it may be, its own distinctive features that can be used to identify it. These properties can be determined by measuring and observing the material under different conditions. But any substance will have not just one set of properties, but two sets of different properties. These two sets will be physical properties and chemical properties. A physical property is a feature of a substance that can be observed without changing the identity of the substance. Many of these properties are properties that we can see with our eyes or feel with our hands, such as texture, shape, color, size, or smoothness. Even things such as conductivity, malleability, and ductility are physical properties. There are also two different kinds of physical properties. Intensive physical properties are features that will be the same no matter how much of the substance is present. On the other hand, extensive physical properties are properties that do depend on the amount of the substance present, such as mass, volume, length, and height. These are all physical properties because they can all be observed without making the substance into a different substance. As soon as the substance is turned into a different substance, it is considered a chemical property. Chemical properties describe the ability of a substance to change its identity. Anything that can be done to a substance that will change its identity is considered a chemical property, such as its flammability (in case of a fire) or its reactivity (how it reacts to other chemicals). If a substance changed into a different substance through a chemical reaction, then it has a chemical property related to that change. The change it went through is a chemical change. Chemical changes can also be called chemical reactions. In a chemical change, the identity of a substance will be changed, and it will have different properties. These changes can be shown in a chemical equation, like this: HCl + NaOH Æ’Â   NaCl + H2O This equation shows than when HCl, a strong acid, reacts with NaOH, a strong base, the chemical reaction results in sodium chloride (NaCl) and water (H2O). Physical changes can also occur. The difference is that instead of the substance changing its identity, it changes form. After a physical change, the properties of the substance will remain the same. There are three main types of physical changes. The first is mechanical physical change, such as tearing, crushing, or breaking a substance. Second, a solution could be made, like when salt is dissolved in water. No new substances are formed even though the salt is dissolved. The salt could still be filtered out. Thirdly, changes in the state of matter are also a physical change. Water that changes from a solid to a liquid to a gas is all physical changes. The equation to show this looks like this: H2O(s) Æ’Â   H2O(l) Æ’Â   H2O(g) The letters in the subscript convey what state of matter the H2O is in. The s stands for solid, the l for liquid, and the g for gas. The reason it is a physical change is because the chemical make-up of the substance is still the same throughout. If the chemical make-up of the substance changes, then it is a chemical change. Problem: To carry out several chemical physical changes to judge whether they are chemical or physical. Hypothesis: It is expected that the chemical changes will cause much more noticeable observations Materials: -Match Eyedropper -Candle (held stationary by clay) -10 drops of 0.1 M AgNO3 (silver nitrate) -Wooden splint -One piece (about 3cm) of Magnesium (Mg) -2 Watch Glasses -10 drops of 6 M HCl (concentrated hydrochloric acid) -Small spatula of NaCl -Tongs -10 mL of water (divided up into 2, 5mL divisions) -Bunsen Burner -2 Test tubes -Mortar and Pestle -Test tube cork -CuSO45H2O (Copper II sulfate pentahydrate) -A few filings of Fe (iron) Diagrams: *On attached pages* Procedure: Light a match and use it to light a candle held stationary by a piece of clay. Observe the flame, the wick, and the wax for several minutes. Record observations. Obtain a wooden splint and break it in half. Place the end of one half of the wooden splint into the candle flame. Extinguish the flames of both the candle and the splint. Place the splint into a watch glass and observe. Record observations. Dispose of the wood in the designated waste container. Place a small spatula of NaCl (sodium chloride) into a small test tube. Add 5 mL of water. Cover the test tube with a test tube cork and shake the contents of the tube. Record observations. Save the product for Step 4. Use an eyedropper to add 10 drops of a 0.1 M AgNO3 (silver nitrate: do not get this on you!) solution to the salt-water solution which was made in Step 3. Cover the tube with a cork and fully invert several times to mix properly. Record observations. Dispose in the designated waste container. Obtain one piece of Mg (magnesium) ribbon about 3 cm long. Tear it into 2 pieces. Place one piece into a test tube. Use a pipet to add 10 drops of 6 M HCl (concentrated hydrochloric acid). Record observations. Dispose in the designated waste container. Handle the other piece of Mg with tongs. Place the Mg into the hottest part of the burner flame at the front lab table for a few minutes until a noticeable change occurs. Caution: Do not look directly into the light! Place the product on a watch glass. Record observations. Dispose in the designated waste container. Use a mortar and pestle to grind several crystals of CuSO45H2O (copper II sulfate pentahydrate) into a uniform powder. Record observations. Place a small spatula of the CuSO45H2O powder into a test tube. Add 5 mL of water, cap it with a cork, and invert fully several times to mix. Record observations. Save the product for Step 8. To the test tube containing the water and CuSO45H2O, add a few Fe (iron) filings. Cap it with a cork and invert fully several times to fully mix. Look very closely into the test tube. A keen observer gets the proper results. Record observations. Dispose in the designated waste container. Data: Step Physical Properties of Starting Materials Observations of The Change 1 Candle looks waxy, with few drops dried on the side. It is a pale white color. It appears to be slightly burnt. The bottom clay is a bright yellow and has a smooth texture. Wax on the top melts and forms a liquid. Tip of wick is a bright red color. More drips start to appear on the side of the candle. As the wax drips down, it changes from clear to pale white, while also hardening. 2 Wood is smooth, light brown in color, and very brittle. It is small and rectangular. The watch glass is clear, with cloudy material on bottom of glass. The wood starts to wilt and shrivels, while turning black, with a red tip. Little bits of ash appear. Smoke rises from the flame, and it smells faintly of ham. 3 Sodium chloride looks clear, crystalline, and very granular. Some of the NaCl sticks to the side of the container. NaCl dissolves into the water to make a solution. Clear liquid in test tube. 4 AgNO3 looks cloudy on the surface of the water. It is an opaque white color and sticks together. Seems to form a heterogeneous mixture, with white specks of AgNO3 floating in the water. The water solution became chunky and cloudy. 5 Silver in color, malleable, small, thin, rectangular in shape. It is smooth on the surfaces and kind of sharp on the corners. It is 3cm in length. Test tube gets hot; piece of magnesium starts to disintegrate. At the end, ash is left at the bottom and what looks like smoke rises from the top. Liquid looks slight yellow. 6 Piece of magnesium looks the same as above. Magnesium starts to burn and then quickly turns into a bright white light as the flame gets really intense. There is a slight change in heat because the amount of flame increased. 7 Crystals look deep blue. There is no odor present. They look smooth, but clear-cut. They hold their shape. The water turns blue and the powder is dissolved. The liquid does look see-through. 8 (see part 2 of step 7) The liquid turns into a dirty brown color. The Fe seems to sink to the bottom of the test tube. It doesnt look like Fe anymore, though. It looks like copper because of its color. Questions: Intensive properties are properties that will not change based on the amount of a substance you have. Some examples from the lab are the waxiness of the candle, the color of the magnesium, or the malleability of the magnesium. An extensive property will change based on the amount of a substance you have. Examples of these properties (from the lab) are the size of the wooden splint, the length of the magnesium strip, or the height of the candle. a. Lighting a match: Chemical. The physical make-up of the wood and its head is changed. b. Melting wax: Physical. The wax is still wax, its just in a different form. c. Burning a wick: Chemical. The wick slowly burns down and changes its make-up. d. Freezing wax: Physical. It is still wax. e. Breaking wood splint: Physical. It is still wood. f. Burning wood: Chemical. It is a different material after you burn it. g. Dissolving sodium chloride: Physical. It is still salt. You could filter the salt back out of the solution. h. Reacting NaCl and AgNO3: Chemical Change. The two compounds change their molecular make-up. i. Breaking and sanding Mg: Physical. It is still magnesium; its just in a different form. j. Burning magnesium: Chemical. The magnesium is no longer magnesium and goes through a chemical reaction. k. Adding acid to Mg: Chemical. In the reaction, the Mg is changed. l. Crushing copper II sulfate: Physical. It is still copper II sulfate; its just been changed to a different form. m. Dissolving copper II sulfate: Physical. It is still the same material. n. Adding Fe to copper II sulfate: Chemical. The Fe changed because it bonded with So4. The change involving a candle is both chemical and physical because the candle wax is melting, which is a physical change to the candle, but the candle wick is also burning, which is a chemical change. The candle wax is remaining as wax; its just changing from a solid to a liquid. When it cools down, it forms a solid again. The wick, however, never returns to its previous state after being burned. It is no longer a candle wick. Two changes in the experiment that were exothermic were the wooden splint burning and the magnesium reacting with the hydrochloric acid. Wooden splint had a flame on it (when it was burning) that gave off a lot of heat. The magnesium caused the test tube to become extremely hot. A change in the experiment that was endothermic was when we melted the candle wax. The wax had to take in a lot of energy from the flame in order to do a physical change into a liquid. In chemical changes, the formulas of reactants compare to the formulas of the product because they are different. The substances are changed in a chemical change, so their molecular make-up will also change. For example, in Step 8, we had the reactants CuSO4 and Fe. But the products werent the same. CuSO4 Æ’Â   Cu +FeSO4 The iron bonded with the SO4, leaving copper behind. In a physical change, the formulas will be the same on each side. The only thing that might change is its state of matter. H2O(s) Æ’Â   H2O(l) The chemical make-up is still the same, but it did change from a liquid to a gas. The formulas on each side have to stay the same though. Data Analysis: Based on the observations collected, 3 of the 8 steps performed were physical changes. Step 1, the burning of the candle, was surprisingly a physical change. What made this clear is that it could be observed that the wax is only melting, not changing to a different substance. Due to background information, it can be concluded that this is a physical change. Step 3 involves dissolving NaCl in water, which is also classified as a physical change. Step 7 is just like step 3 in that a substance was dissolved in water, so this is also a physical change. Several chemical changes also occurred. Step 2, the burning of the wooden splint, marked a chemical change because the step started out with a piece of wood observed as smooth, light brown in color, and very brittle. After the change, it wilted and shriveled to a black substance with all new properties. Since it has transformed into a new substance, it can be concluded that this is a chemical change. The AgNO3 in step 4 reacts with the NaCl and the H2O to form a new substance in the liquid, which creates small, floating particles. Since a new substance was formed inside the liquid, this is also a chemical change. The magnesium reacting with the acid as well as being burned in the Bunsen burner was both chemical changes because neither of the changes warranted any magnesium afterwards, so it is known that a chemical change occurred. Lastly, the CuSO4-2 reacted with the Fe+2 to create different substances, namely Cu and FeSO4. It can therefore be concluded that this was also a chemical change. Error: A few things may have caused errors in this experiment, but because the results were not dependent on extremely precise amounts of any substance, getting the appropriate results was fairly easy. However, if the wrong substance had accidentally been placed in a test tube instead of another substance, the results will be completely different than what they are supposed to be. This could also result in a dangerous situation depending on what substance had been replaced. Another thing that may have hindered the results of the burning of the magnesium is if the flame wasnt hot enough to burn the magnesium or the piece of magnesium was somehow flawed, where it wouldnt burn. Another thing that would obstruct the correct results is if any test tube broke while it was in use, for it couldnt be used to observe the changes occurring anymore. If the candle (from step 1) had so much wax that the wick wasnt exposed enough to light, then it would have made it difficult to perform the first couple s teps of the experiment. Error can come from many different sources, but human error is the most frequent type of error. Conclusion: It was attempted to perform a variety of experiments to carry out chemical and physical changes. Then, it was judged what kind of change it was. Success was reached in doing this. Chemical changes were observed, such as the wooden splint burning, the magnesium bubbling, and the SO4-2 bonding to the Fe+2. Physical changes were also observed, such as the candle wax melting, the NaCl dissolving in the water, and ripping the magnesium strip in half. A lot was definitely learned about the difference between chemical and physical changes, and how to distinguish between the two.

Lie :: essays research papers

Heart of Darkness By Joseph Conrad Main Characters Marlow - Young man who decides that it would be exiting to travel into Africa hunting ivory and does so by taking the place of a dead steamboat captain. Kurts - Famous man among the ivory seekers who has lived and hunted on the continent for a while and has exploited the savages becoming much like a savage himself. Russian fool - Man who is known by his clothes with many colorful patches making him look much like a harlequin. He works with Kurtz who proves to be poor company for him. The Intended - Kurtz ¡Ã‚ ¯s bride to be who at the end of the book still thinks that Kurtz was the great man that she remembered him to be and Marlow doesn ¡Ã‚ ¯t have the heart to tell her otherwise. Minor Characters Helmsman - Man who steers the steamboat but goes away from the wheel to fight the savages only to be killed by an arrow. Accountant - Accountant who takes care of the money matters for Kurtz and has lived on the continent for three years trying to keep his civilized nature. Settings Central Station - This is the station where Marlow meets the accountant and observes the way the whites do nothing but exploit the blacks to do pointless labor. Inner Station - This is the station where Kurtz works and where Marlow finds him being worshipped by the savages. Thames River - Marlow tells his story to various people here. Plot Marlow sits at the Thames River in the evening with several other people and begins telling the story about how he entered into the dark continent out of nowhere. No one wants to listen but he continues anyway. Marlow expressed a desire to go to Africa to his Aunt who got him a position as a captain of a steamboat of an ivory company. The previous captain Freslaven died in a scuffle with the natives and Marlow took his place. A few days later, Marlow travels to Africa and gets to the first station where he meets the accountant who keeps track of the funds in Kurtz ¡Ã‚ ¯s company. The man is interesting to Marlow since he ¡Ã‚ ¯s been on the continent for three years, yet he keeps himself clean and well dressed. Marlow finds the blacks being poorly treated and ordered to do meaningless work by the whites.